Multidisciplinary Journal of Technical University of Mombasa
Multidisciplinary Journal of Technical University of Mombasa is the official refereed journal of the Technical University of Mombasa (TUMMJ). TUMMJ is an open access journal hosted by the Library Department at the Technical University of Mombasa ... Read more
A Hybrid Quantum Annealing Algorithm for Solving a Constraint-Based University Timetabling Problem
University timetabling is a classical NP-Hard combinatorial constraint problem that involves scheduling of courses, lecturers, students, classrooms, and timeslots while satisfying a set of constraints, with the main goal of minimizing conflicts. To solve this problem, we propose a novel Quantum Annealing and Topological Data Analysis (QA–TDA) algorithm that starts with an initial feasible solution, followed by iterative refinement using Quantum annealing configurations. TDA analyses the optimization landscape through persistent homology by detecting promising regions of interest in the solution space, which are clustered and subjected to quantum re-annealing using customized Hamiltonians-adaptive annealing schedules. QA-TDA model achieves a balance between global exploration and local exploitation, which improves convergence efficiency and solution robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that our hybrid model consistently outperforms baseline models across all evaluation metrics. In particularly on the most complex dataset, QA– TDA achieved a Conflict-Free Rate (CFR) of 94.3%. Additionally, an ablation study was conducted to validate the contribution of each component of the proposed model. Furthermore, clustering and K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) analyses confirm the robustness and consistency of the proposed approach across datasets of varying sizes and complexity. These findings highlight the great performance, scalability, and reliability of the integrated QA–TDA model for real-world academic scheduling applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kevin Tole, Edward Fondo, Fullgence Mwakondo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Tilt, List, and Skew of Sea-to-Shore Gantry Cranes
Automation of sea-to-shore gantry cranes and use of artificial intelligence is a trend that most ports are trying to adopt in order to cope with handling of high volume of containerized cargo. Low target achievements in container handling have resulted in low ship turn around. The aim of automation was to either offload or load high volumes of containers in order to increase productivity and ship turn around. This study developed a vision-based real-time monitoring system integrated with an adaptive PID controller to detect tilt, list, and skew of spreader in sea to shore gantry cranes with high accuracy. The system integrated cameras, counters, sensors, and encoders that enable real-time monitoring and control of movements of cranes. A mathematical model was developed to describe a three-dimensional movement of a crane spreader in order to perfect tilt, list and skew. Due to automation, the time to handle a container reduced from 8 min to 2.5 min. This resulted into crane performance improvement of 68.8%. The developed monitoring system reduced operational time, enhanced safety and reduced costs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Martin N. Mae, Michael J. Saulo, Michael D. Odhiambo, Daniel N. Wang’ombe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soiling Loss Quantification of Roof-Top Mounted Solar Module in Mombasa Using Digital Imagery Techniques
Photovoltaic cells' output performance is negatively impacted by the particles that are deposited on the solar panels which scatter and absorb solar energy. The particles cause shading on the PV modules and when they are densely sparse on the PV panel and depending on their light transmittance, could adversely reduce the intensity the amount of irradiance reaching the PV cells. This study quantified soiling loss of rooftop solar photovoltaic using images of soiled PV panels in Mombasa County, Kenya. This study estimated a significant intensity of soiling of rooftop mounted modules in Mombasa. A pilot study was conducted on the roof-top of s Laboratory at Technical University of Mombasa for 90 days using two fixed angle and azimuth modules; One of them was cleaned everyday while the other was left soiled for the entire period. In the setup, high resolution pictures were taken daily for 90 days for dust pixel analysis. The analysis of the pixels revealed that soiling reduced pixel intensity on the panel by 10 per cent. Clean panel had an average pixel intensity of 132.47 in the first day. After 30, 60 and 90 days, the pixel intensity of soiled panels were 148.96, 151.96 and 148.42, respectively. It was observed that the particles that collected on the surface of the PV module reduced optical characteristics of the panel for the first two months before the onset of rain in the third month. The highest loss of 19.34 was witnessed in the second month.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bornvince O. Odhiambo, Eric Jobunga, Sameer Kamrudin Bachani, Gideon Kidegho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Editorial Note We would like to thank all our authors and co-authors who contributed to the successful release of this Volume 4 Issue 1 of MJTUM. There are a total of 9 publications from different authors and co-authors within and outside Kenya, out of these 6 are research articles and 3 are review articles. These published articles cover a diverse array of fields ranging from information and computer science, communication science, architecture and built environment, artificial intelligence and cyber security, gender in seaweed mariculture, engineering and technology to accounting and finance. The content of all the articles is as a result of dedicated research works from the authors and co-authors. MJTUM is hereby providing a platform to share the contents of these research and review works in contributing to knowledge dissemination to the scientific community and to all students in their quest to advance knowledge in their respective fields. MJTUM will continue to provide a platform for dissemination of high quality scholarly articles. It is my sincere hope that you will enjoy reading the wide scope of these published articles in this current issue as we prepare you for the release of Issue 2 of Volume 4.
Copyright (c) 2025 Multidisciplinary Journal of Technical University of Mombasa
Gendered-Value Chain Opportunities and Challenges in Seaweed Aquaculture: The Changing Gender and Socio Economic Dynamics in Mwazaro and Kibuyuni Villages, South Coast Kenya
Globally, seaweed aquaculture is one of the key economic activity in coastal regions. It has emerged as a livelihood source in Kibuyuni and Mwazaro villages in south coast Kenya, fostering economic resilience and gender empowerment. This study examined gender-associated opportunities and challenges within the seaweed value chain, emphasizing labor distribution, economic contributions, and barriers to participation. A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data from 155 respondents. The findings indicate that women dominate the activity engaging at different levels of the value chain, from farming to processing, while men largely control marketing. Seaweed farmers earn an average of USD 56 per 45-day production cycle. Seaweed farming, however, faces challenges such as a lack of technology, poor farming techniques, ineffective resource management, environmental factors, inadequate knowledge and skills, inadequate financial support, and inadequate farm inputs. Despite these challenges, the study established that the economic and social benefits outweigh the challenges. The findings suggest that targeted interventions addressing financial and market disparities can significantly enhance gender equity and sustainability. Additionally, these patterns highlight the gendered nature of labour division in the seaweed value chain. It is concluded that gender-based economic empowerment and sustainable development interventions are necessary to foster inclusive growth, resilience in coastal communities, and strengthen women’s participation in the seaweed value chain. Seaweed aquaculture can contribute to inclusive economic growth in coastal communities especially in Kenya and the Western Indian Ocean at large.
Account Receivables, Payables Management, and Financial Performance of Public Universities in Kenya's Coastal Region
Kenyan public universities face significant challenges, including budget cuts that worsen their financial difficulties, declining enrollment due to the increase in number of universities, and higher expectations for quality education. The main purpose of this study was to assess how receivables accounts and payables management affect the financial performance of public universities in Kenya's coastal region. This research is based on the Cash Conversion Cycle theory. The primary data was collected by consulting financial controllers and other managers from selected public universities in the coastal region. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential methods of Pearson correlation and regression analyses. The results showed that effective working capital management practices have a positive and significant impact on financial performance, as confirmed by statistical analysis. Specifically, managing receivables and payables improves financial performance, while the size of the university influences the relationship between working capital management and financial outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of implementing appropriate financial management strategies that fit the specific needs and size of each institution. The study recommends prioritizing the development of strong cash management policies, improving receivables and payables management practices, optimizing inventory management strategies, and considering the impact of university size when designing working capital management approaches. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for further research to explore the long-term effects of these management practices and investigate the effectiveness of different strategies in enhancing financial sustainability and resilience in Kenyan public universities.
Impact of Adoption and Application of PMBOK® Guide on Project Performance in Kenya’s Construction Industry: A Multivariate Analysis
The construction industry in Kenya continues to face persistent performance challenges, including delays, cost overruns, and quality shortfalls. These issues have been partly attributed to inconsistent project management practices and limited adoption of structured frameworks. This study investigates the relationship between the application of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) Guide and project performance outcomes in the Kenyan construction industry. Drawing on data collected from 172 construction professionals, the study evaluates how varying levels of PMBOK® adoption affect four key dimensions of project performance: adherence to time, cost control, quality delivery, and stakeholder satisfaction. The analysis employs Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Spearman’s rank correlation to examine whether deeper integration of PMBOK® processes is statistically associated with improved project outcomes. The findings reveal that higher levels of PMBOK® Guide application (especially partial to full adoption) correlate significantly with improvements in time management, quality assurance, and stakeholder satisfaction. Customized adoption, though less common, demonstrated the strongest performance association. However, cost control showed a weaker statistical linkage, suggesting the influence of external factors beyond PM process standardization. The study contributes to project management literature by offering empirical evidence from a developing country context, reinforcing the performance-enhancing potential of structured methodologies when appropriately adapted. It recommends institutionalizing PMBOK®-based training, aligning regulatory frameworks with standard practices, and fostering a culture of continuous project evaluation.
Optimizing Non-Revenue Water Management: A Review
Non-Revenue Water (NRW) refers to the volume of water that is distributed from the water plant but does not get billed to customers, which is a major challenge for water bodies. It represents the difference between the total volume of water pumped into the water distribution system (WDS) and the volume actually billed to customers. NRW is composed of three components: physical losses, commercial losses, and unbilled authorized consumption. These losses cause financial deficits, increased operational costs, and infrastructure deterioration, making NRW reduction a critical challenge for water bodies globally. This present study reviews optimization strategies for minimizing NRW, focusing on advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), remote leak detection (acoustic, pressure, and flow sensors), geographic information systems (GIS), data analytics, machine learning, and digital twin modeling. Key findings indicate that integrating these technologies can potentially reduce NRW by 15-25% based on case studies from regions employing comprehensive digital solutions. Furthermore, AI-driven predictive maintenance strategies show promise in reducing leak detection times by approximately 30%. Future research should emphasize AI-driven optimization, predictive maintenance, and sustainable water management strategies to optimize NRW, targeting a quantifiable benchmark of reducing overall NRW to below 10% in urban water systems
Theory-Based Approach to Research Question Formulation: Fundamentals for Postgraduate Students
Postgraduate students are required to undertake research projects as part of the requirements of the courses they take. In that regard, they need to understand how theories are applied in research work. The aim of this study was to document challenges postgraduate students encounter when applying social research theories in constructing research questions. The key objective was to determine the deficits postgraduate students have in applying theories in the formulation of research questions. The second objective was to identify appropriate strategies as proposed from the respondents in overcoming the deficits identified under the first objective. Thestudy was conducted in Kenya and Armenia in selected public universities. A Quasi-qualitative survey research design was used and target population consisted of lecturers and postgraduate students conveniently selected from the social sciences departments. Focused group discussions (FGD) were used to collect data through the online platform Zoom where one FGD consisted of 9 conveniently selected postgraduate supervisors and two consisted of 11 and 14 postgraduate students respectively. Internet-based research was used to get information from online sources. Thematic and contextual analyses were used and the results showed that students have inadequate skills, knowledge, and competencies suitable for helping them formulate research questions using theoretical constructs. The study recommends improving the content and approaches of teaching research methods, focusing on the application of theory in research studies. The study further proposes strategies for ensuring that the students can design, develop, and use theory in all aspects of conducting research. The study has value by proposing ways of overcoming inadequacies by improving postgraduate students’ research competencies, by applying theoretical constructs in the development of research questions for their research studies.
A Conceptual Cybersecurity Model Based on Generative Adversarial Networks: A Literature-Driven Approach
The increasing reliance on digital platforms within university environments has contributed to a sharp rise in cybersecurity threats, necessitating more effective mechanisms for threat detection and mitigation. This study is a review of critical gaps in current cybersecurity frameworks, particularly in their ability to detect complex, evolving attack vectors in real-time. Comparative evaluation with existing approaches is expected to demonstrate improved accuracy in attack identification, reduced false-positive rates, and faster response times. In addressing the dynamic nature of cyber threats, this work also identifies future research directions, including the integration of reinforcement learning for autonomous adaptation and the incorporation of cross-network attack pattern analysis to support broader threat intelligence.
Integrating Digital Transformation and Technological Innovation for Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems: The Role of AI, IoT, and Blockchain in Enhancing Efficiency and Grid Stability
Renewable energy and grid stability systems are transforming because of digital innovation and novel advancements. This necessitates studying advancements within the renewable energy sector through digital technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain. The advancements allow real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and decentralized energy management, thus increasing renewable energy systems' efficiency, sustainability, and dependability. This review was based on how AI integrated with IoT technology and blockchain improves the operational efficiency of renewable energy systems. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were adopted in this systematic review, and 433 articles from databases such as IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer Link were retrieved. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 (n=10) articles were selected. The quality assessment of the studies was done using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool. Among the included studies, 70% (n=7) demonstrated that AI achieved efficiency improvements, IoT role optimization of grids was shown in 60% (n=6) of studies and blockchain impact on energy trading in 50% (n=5). In addition, cost reductions were documented in 80% (n=8) of studies, while 90% (n=9) reported security and regulatory challenges during implementation. The findings revealed that the efficiency of renewable energy and grid stability was improved by adopting digital solutions such as AI, IoT, and Blockchain. However, the gaps demonstrated in the study prompt the need to develop policy interventions and conduct further research to reduce technological and regulatory barriers to a sustainable energy transition.
Decolonizing Knowledge Production: Barriers and Strategies for African Scholars in Academic Publishing
African researchers face significant challenges in academic publishing, including financial constraints, epistemic marginalization, linguistic biases, and reliance on informal support systems. These barriers hinder equitable participation in global knowledge production and perpetuate systemic inequalities. A qualitative phenomenological study involving 50 African intellectuals across disciplines explored these issues through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed key obstacles, such as high article processing charges (APCs) and limited institutional funding, which hinder publication in high-impact journals. Linguistic biases favor English, disadvantaging non-native speakers, while peer review processes often exclude African perspectives, pressuring scholars to conform to Western epistemologies. Despite these hurdles, informal peer networks provide practical and emotional support, fostering resilience among African scholars. The findings underscore systemic inequities in academic publishing and the urgent need for inclusive reforms. Recommendations include decolonized knowledge production approaches that validate African epistemologies, ensure financial support, and promote linguistic inclusivity. Such measures would enable African researchers to share contextually relevant insights, enriching the global knowledge ecosystem. By addressing these disparities, the study contributes to advancing equality in academic publishing and strengthening efforts to decolonize scholarly communication. Enhanced inclusion of African scholars is essential for fostering diverse and equitable global scholarship.
Energy Balances and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Bagasse-based Electricity Production in Kenya
Biofuels have been advocated in many nations to solve environmental issues, energy security, and the socio-economic well-being of rural residents. This study assessed energy consumption, energy balances, and lifetime net greenhouse gas emissions in Kenya's bagasse-based electricity generating chain. Production of electricity from bagasse involves the cultivation of sugarcane, milling the cane, and cogeneration. By conducting a Life Cycle Assessment, the study used the economic allocation model to partition energy inputs and their respective greenhouse gas emissions. The life cycle greenhouse gas emissions were estimated to be 24.53 kgCO2eq/MWh of electricity generated, while the total energy consumption from both renewable and non-renewable energy sources inputs was evaluated as 181.26 MJ/MWh. The information from the energy balances computed per MWh of electricity revealed a net energy value (NEV) of 9,349 MJ, a net renewable energy value (NREV) of 9,387 MJ and a net energy ratio (NER) of 84. The high positive values of NREV and NER are indicators that minimal amount of fossil fuel is required to produce 1 MWh of electricity. Bagasse-based cogeneration offers great promise for application in electricity production in Kenya, as can be deduced from the results presented here.
Editorial Note We would like to thank all our authors and co-authors who contributed to the successful release of this Issue 2 of Volume 4, 2025 of MJTUM. There are a total of 7 publications from different authors and co-authors, out of these 5 are research articles and 2 are review articles. These published articles cover a diverse array of fields ranging from Chemistry, Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Architecture and Built Environment, Biotechnology, to Mechanical and Automotive Engineering. The content of all the articles is as a result of dedicated research works from the authors and co-authors. MJTUM is hereby providing a platform to share the contents of these research and review works in contributing to knowledge dissemination to the scientific community and to all students in their quest to advance knowledge in their respective fields. MJTUM will continue to provide a platform for dissemination of high quality scholarly articles. It is my sincere hope that you will enjoy reading the wide scope of these published articles in this current issue as we prepare you for the release of Volume 5 of 2026. Prof. Cosmas Nzaka Munga Chief Editor, MJTUM
Treatment of selected Halogenated Organic Compounds in Water using Colloidal Silver Nanocatalysts under Reducing Borohydride Conditions
Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) are frequently encountered water contaminants. They are widely used as solvents or feed stocks in the production of paints, adhesives, lacquerers, pharmaceuticals and veterinary drugs, cosmetics, pesticides and herbicides. Most HOCs are recalcitrant, toxic and possible carcinogens. HOCs treatment in water may involve physical, biological and chemical processes. Chemical treatment via oxidation or reduction processes are preferred due to their ability to transform HOCs into environmental benign products. Compared to reduction, oxidation may produce toxic byproducts and thus for complete mineralization, huge amounts of redox equivalents are needed. Reductive dehalogenation is selective and more suited for HOCs treatment. It may employ electrocatalysts, metal catalysts and reagents. Nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) as an electron-releasing reagent is environmentally compatible but ineffective for transformation of saturated aliphatic HOCs containing < 2 Cl-atoms. Noble metals such as Pt, Rh and Pd are excellent hydrogenation catalysts for HOCs reduction but are expensive and susceptible to deactivation in water. Metallic Ag (Ag0) is a promising electrocatalyst for dechlorination of saturated aliphatic HOCs. Ag is relatively cheaper than the noble metals and is sparingly stable in water. Despite this potential, colloidal Ag0 catalysts have received less attention for HOCs treatment. In this study, optimal conditions were established for synthesis of colloidal Ag0 catalyst using sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Calculated Ag0 activities for reduction of dibromomethane, monobromomethane, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene and vinylbromide were 86.92 ± 2.61, 3.45 ± 0.17, 2.38 ± 0.07, 1.16 ± 0.05 and 3.21 ± 0.10, respectively. The reduction of diclofenac and bromocresol blue by Ag0+NaBH4 was slow and incomplete due to catalyst deactivation. Thus, Ag0+NaBH4 is more appropriate for reduction of aliphatic and olefinic C—Cl and C—Br bonds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tadicha Adan , Opondo Victor Wandera , Ogweno Aloice , Shee Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Different fishing vessel-gear combinations confirm resource-use overlap in small-scale fisheries of south coast Kenya
Fish consumption globally has increased due to the rise in human population making fisheries resources vulnerable to overexploitation. The open access fisheries in Kenya coupled with the multi-fleet, multi-gear and multi-species nature of the fisheries make its management more difficult. A closer observation into the scenario proves the existence of resource use overlap among different vessel-gear combinations. This study assessed the resource use overlap among different vessel-gear combinations for the multi-gear and multi-fleet small-scale fishery in selected fishing areas in south coast Kenya. We conducted shore-based catch assessment from January 2019 to December 2021covering both the cool south east monsoon (SEM) season and the warm north east monsoon (NEM) season at Mkunguni fish landing site in Msambweni area and Shimoni fish landing site in Shimoni area. The data was analyzed for total fish landings and species composition by vessel-gear combinations, as well as analyzed for resource-use overlap. A total weight of 52.32 tons of fish was recorded over the study period, and this was higher in the NEM season (26.52 tons) than in SEM season (25.32 tons). An overall total of 321 species in 88 fish families were sampled. Mkunguni recorded more species (n = 253) than Shimoni (n = 186) and species richness was significantly higher in Mkunguni than Shimoni (p = < 0.0001). The most effective and preferred vessel-gear combinations overall were footfisher-speargun and dhows-handline. Seasonal species diversity also indicated an overlap in resource-use where different vessel-gear combinations landed multiple species with the highest number of species recorded by gears used in combination with canoe being handline (120 ± 8 species) and basket trap (87 ± 6 species). Fishing gears used with dhows being handlines which recorded the highest mean number of species caught (73 ± 4 species) and gillnet (58 ±5 species). The observation made in the presence of similar fish species in different vessel-gear combinations that had been used in different fishing grounds is a clear indication of resource-use overlap in the small-scale fishery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bandari Samuel , Munga Cosmas Nzaka, Dzoga Mumini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of the Role of Actinobacteria as a Source of Bioactive Compounds
A systematic review of 57 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted to provide information on the role of Actinobacteria as a source of bioactive compounds. Study emphases included ecological distribution, metabolite diversity, research approaches, and publication trends. The reviewed papers covered soil, marine, freshwater, plant-associated, and extreme environments. Soil-derived isolates accounted for 42% of reports, followed by marine (28%), extremophilic (15%), freshwater (10%), and plant-associated (5%) strains. Streptomyces and Micromonospora were the most frequently reported genera. In terms of production of bioactive compounds, 65% of studies confirmed production of antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory metabolites. 20% presented preliminary but promising results and 15% reported no significant activity. 40% of studies employed genomic-based strategies such as genome mining and metagenomics, 35% applied chemical profiling techniques, and 25% used classical isolation and culture methods. Publication trends indicated steady global growth with a peak in 2021, while African contributions represented less than 5% of studies. The most commonly reported metabolites were antibiotics, antifungals, and biosurfactants, with aminoglycosides and macrolides being the most cited classes. The findings show that Actinobacteria is a potential resource for drug discovery therefore there is need for further bioprospecting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Keroro Kelvin , Kibiti Cromwell , Makonde Huxley Mae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hydraulic Modeling and Flood Risk Assessment in the Hola and Bura Basins, Kenya: HEC-RAS-Based Simulation of the March 2024 El-Niño Event
This study presents a comprehensive hydraulic modeling and flood risk assessment of the Hola and Bura basins in Tana River County, Kenya, using the HEC-RAS 6.7 software. The model simulated the March 2024 El-Niño flood event, a climate-induced extreme rainfall episode, using a two-dimensional (2D) approach to capture complex flow dynamics across floodplains. Coupled with hydrologic inputs from HEC-HMS, the simulation produced detailed flood inundation maps and depth classifications, delineating shallow m), moderate (0.5–1.5 m), and deep m) flood zones across a total inundated area of 197.0 km²—representing 39% of the modeled basin. The analysis revealed critical floodplain features such as relict meanders and paleochannels that significantly influenced lateral water spread, emphasizing the importance of preserving natural floodplain connectivity. Validation using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery confirmed strong agreement between observed and simulated flood extents. The present study also assessed the vulnerability of key infrastructure assets, including roads, schools, hospitals, boreholes, and electric transformers. Findings indicate that critical services were either directly inundated or rendered inaccessible due to surrounding flood conditions, with power installations and boreholes particularly at risk due to exposure to deep, high-velocity flows. Based on the spatial hazard classification and exposure overlay, the study proposes targeted design improvements including elevated road embankments, flood-resilient water supply systems, and raised platforms for public utilities. The results demonstrate the value of integrating hydrodynamic modeling with satellite data and infrastructure mapping for informed disaster preparedness, climate adaptation, and land-use planning in flood-prone regions of East Africa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Janga Joseph Tinga , Masibayi Edward , Waweru Sam , Onchiri Richard https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Concrete with Coir and Crushed Coconut Shells: Workability and Strength Performance
The increasing demand for sustainable materials within the construction industry has heightened interest in alternative aggregates for concrete, motivated by escalating costs and environmental concerns associated with conventional natural aggregates. The overexploitation of these resources has led to scarcity and increased expenses, underscoring the necessity for cost-effective solutions that maintain concrete's performance and structural integrity. Furthermore, the improper disposal of agricultural by-products, such as coir and crushed coconut shells, exacerbates waste management challenges and poses environmental risks. This paper aimed to evaluate the workability and compressive strength of concrete incorporating coir fibers and crushed coconut shells as aggregate replacements. The study was conducted in the counties of Kilifi, Mombasa, and Kwale in Kenya, with a focus on the utilization of coir and crushed coconut shells in concrete mixtures. The experimental design involved the preparation of concrete mixtures with coir percentages of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%, along with crushed coconut shell aggregates at 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. Key variables assessed included workability—measured through the Slump Test, Flow Table Test, and Vebe Consistometer. The mechanical properties, were evaluated via compressive strength and durability tests. A total of 72 concrete cubes and 72 short beams were prepared using locally sourced materials to ensure relevance to regional practices. Data collection adhered to standardized protocols, and the validity and reliability of measurement instruments were established through expert reviews and consistency checks. The study demonstrates that incorporating crushed coconut shell aggregates (CCSA) into concrete significantly reduces workability due to increased water demand and lower density. Conversely, adding coir fibers enhances workability, although excessive coir can negatively affect it. Compressive strength reduces making CCSA up to 20%, the minimum structurally usable mix, with, but further additions produces compression strength only suitable for non-structural use. The inclusion of 0.3% coir fibers further boosts compressive strength, especially with CCSA. This study recommends limiting coir to 0.3% for optimal workability and promoting CCSA use up to 20%, along with further research on their microstructural impacts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kuta Joseph , Waweru Samuel , Sabuni B. , Kanda Edwin , Okungu Jared https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategy Formulation and Organizational Performance in Dynamic Real Estate Markets: Evidence from Kenya
This paper empirically examines how strategy formulation influences organizational performance among real estate developers operating in Kenya’s turbulent and institutionally evolving markets. Grounded in the resource-based view, contingency, and dynamic-capabilities perspectives, the study tests a multidimensional framework incorporating environmental dynamics, strategic awareness and institutional support, and engagement. A census of 88 corporate members of the Kenya Property Developers Association (KPDA) was undertaken using a structured questionnaire analysed through multiple regression, moderated and mediated regression (PROCESS v 4.3), and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results demonstrate that strategy formulation exerts a significant positive effect on organizational performance (β = 0.412, p < 0.001). Environmental dynamics significantly moderate this relationship (β = –0.203, p = 0.017), indicating that the strength of strategic influence diminishes under high turbulence. Strategic awareness and institutional support mediate the link between formulation and performance (indirect effect = 0.186, 95 % CI [0.072, 0.314]), while institutional engagement shows a direct positive effect (β = 0.337, p < 0.010). The overall model explains 68.9 % of variance in performance (R² = 0.689, F (5, 82) = 36.32, p < 0.001). MANCOVA tests confirm significant multivariate effects for role, organization type, and development focus (Wilks’ Λ = 0.558, F (1, 78) = 98.38, p < 0.001). Findings validate the complementarity of deliberate strategic planning, adaptive learning, and institutional connectivity. They extend strategic-management theory to emerging-market property sectors and provide a replicable, statistically robust blueprint for evaluating strategy–performance relationships under environmental turbulence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katani Erastus Mwanjama , Maalu Jackson Kivui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Hydrogen Production through Steam Methane Reforming and Water Electrolysis – A Review
Nearly half of the hydrogen produced worldwide comes from the most popular and economical method of hydrogen synthesis, methane steam reforming (MSR). However, there are a number of challenges that must be conquered before MSR can be widely used, despite the fact that it is a well-established technique. The primary research gaps in the MSR process center around improving the catalyst longevity and efficiency, addressing the process's high energy consumption and carbon emissions, and enabling cost-effective small-scale hydrogen production. As an alternative, electrolysis of water could yield pure hydrogen. Nevertheless, hydrogen production from water electrolysis is synonymous with high costs (electricity, capital), as well as obstacles like the synthesis of more affordable and effective catalysts for the procedure, enhancing system intergration with renewables, and achieving true large scale manufacturing and scalability. In this review paper, both processes have been critically analyzed to give insights into current processes, the challenges faced, and prospects. Since both methane steam reforming and water electrolysis generate valuable hydrogen, optimization of the two could offer a more sustainable and reliable source of energy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mwadhi William Mulewa , Machandi Joseph Mbothu , Fwedeha Elvis Makonde https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Critical and Creative Thinking and Theory Application in Social Sciences Research Studies: A Sociological Musing
Critical and creative thinking are important in the application of theories in social research. However, sociology theories remain extant in many studies mainly because of the failure of researchers to apply critical and creative thinking in social research studies. This is attributed to inadequate skills for the pragmatic application of philosophical techniques of using theories to guide research work. This paper seeks to elucidate this problem within scholarly undertakings for post-graduate students and other scholars who must use critical and creative thinking in inculcating theories into their studies. The paper intends to elicit an in-depth discussion amongst social scientists on the best way to address these challenges. This paper moves further and proposes how sociological theories are integrated into social research studies and guide the construction and process of research from conceptualization, proposal writing, data collection, analysis, and report writing by focusing on specific theories a study may adopt.
Copyright (c) 2024 Paul Major Elazia, Maurice Amateshe, Michael Shinachi Wanyonyi, Andrew Wisindi, Wanyenda Leonard Chilimo, Arnety Nangila Makokha, Margaret Ngugi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Editorial Note We would like to thank all our authors and co-authors who contributed to original scientific articles for the successful release of this 2nd Issue of MJTUM Volume 2. This issue has a total of 6 original scientific research articles from a diverse array of fields ranging from hospitality and tourism, communication studies, public health, and building and civil engineering. The content of all the articles is from dedicated research works from the authors and co-authors. MJTUM is hereby providing a platform to share the contents of these research works in contributing to knowledge dissemination to the scientific community and to all students in their quest to advance knowledge in their respective fields covered in this second issue. MJTUM will continue to give a platform for sharing of scientific articles of high quality to all our readers. It is my sincere hope that you will enjoy reading the wide coverage of articles covered in this issue as we prepare you for the release of MJTUM Volume 3 Issue 1 as soon as possible. Dr. Cosmas Nzaka Munga (PhD) Chief Editor, MJTUM
Copyright (c) 2023 Multidisciplinary Journal of Technical University of Mombasa
Effectiveness of Compensation Recovery Strategies in Enhancing Customer Experience in Star-Rated Hotels in Mombasa County, Kenya
Since today’s customers not only purchase goods and services for their utilitarian but also hedonistic benefits, service recovery has become an integral part of any hotel that wishes to remain competitive. In a bid to remain competitive, most hotels have developed service systems. However, none of the systems in place are perfect. Though compensation has been proposed as a means of securing competitive advantage, scant evidence exist suggesting that the same can be used as recovery strategies to enhance customer experience. While using star rated hotels in Mombasa, Kenya, this study sought to adduce the effectiveness of compensation recovery strategies in enhancing customer experience using descriptive research design. Staff from10 front-line sections within the 17 rated hotels in Mombasa County formed the sampling frame. Data were collected by the use of an on-line questionnaire due to COVID-19 pandemic that prevailed during the study period. A pre-test of the questionnaire was done on one of the hotels, and the results were subjected to the Cronbach formula producing a reliability index of 0.989. Data were analysed by the use of inferential and descriptive statistics and the findings presented in tables, bar graphs and pie charts. From the findings, descriptive analysis on customer experience indicated that front line managers agreed and strongly agreed that when customers are pleased with their recovery effort, they receive referrals from them, they spend more money in the establishment, they show eagerness to return on, they become more loyal, they share with others about the good services, and they trust that any offer given to them in the future will go right. Descriptive analysis on the dimensions of the three strategies (compensation, staff actions, and communication strategies) produced high means and low standard deviations, indicating that front-line managers often and always applied the three recovery strategies whenever a failure occurred. The regression analysis of the three hypotheses indicated that the three strategies have a statistically significant influence on the customer experience if used effectively. Other than advancing scholarly work in the field of service recovery, the findings inform Kenya’s Ministry of Tourism and hotel stakeholders as a whole by guiding in policy review and formulation so as to help in minimizing service failures.
Copyright (c) 2023 Judith Keya, Anthony Pepela, Alex Kivuva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fishery characteristics and stock status of Lethrinus lentjan in selected fishing areas along the Kenya Coast
Small scale fisheries is dominant along the Kenya coast characterised by multispecies, multigear and multi-fleet and therefore prone to over-exploitation. The success of fisheries sustainable management is dependent on life history traits of the target stock. This study was aimed to characterize the small scale lethrinus fishery as well as determine its current stock status. Monthly shore-based catch assessments for fisheries and biological data were collected from October 2020 to September 2021 from selected fish landing sites along the Kenya coast. A total of 22 species belonging to the genus Lethrinus were recorded over the study period. Overall Msambweni fishing area had the highest landings of the genus Lethrinus, accounting for more than 69%, and the overall contribution of Lethrinus lentjan to the overall total fish landings was 25%. Female individuals of L. lentjan were more abundant than males, with an overall sex ratio of 1:1.53, which differed significantly from the expected ratio of 1:1. Lethrinus lentjan recorded a negative allometric growth with an asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient (K) of 51 cm and 0.46 y-1, respectively. The total mortality (Z) was 2.07, the natural mortality (M) was 0.963, and the fishing mortality (F) was 1.10 with an exploitation rate of 0.53. The recorded E value of 0.53, in this study, was slightly higher than the optimum exploitation rate of E = 0.5, indicating an exploited fishery. Therefore, the study recommends that the management system of this fishery should be revised carefully.
Copyright (c) 2023 Susan Ketterer Akinyi, Cosmas Nzaka Munga, Thomas Kalama mkare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
G2C Communication Through Government Service Portals: An Assessment of Kenya’s e-Citizen and eFNS Portals
The automation of government services as exemplified through service portals has increased in a post-COVID-19 world that yearns for social and physical interaction. Although governments have benefitted from an arm’s length service delivery model, consumers of these services expect continuous communication from their governments. Government-to-consumer (G2C) communication is hinged on the fact that consumer (citizens and foreign nationals) engagement has a significant place in the provision of government services and government communication literature posits the place of strategic communication with consumers. While preliminary research suggests the popular usage of government service portals to enhance G2C communication, little is known about the effectiveness and interactivity of G2C communication between the government and consumers of government services. Questions thus abound on the kind of perceptions that consumers have regarding the comprehensiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency of G2C communication through government service portals. In Kenya, the automation of immigration services encapsulated in the e-citizen and e-foreign nationals service (eFNS) portals, offers prudential lessons to concretize and improve G2C communication in a post-pandemic world. This study focuses on communication through the portals between the government and citizens (applying for passports) and foreign nationals (applying for visas, permits, passes, and long-term residences). The study adopted secondary research analysis coupled with interviews carried out with 16 participants: 10 citizens and foreigners; and 6 Ministry of Interior officials. Thematic analysis revealed that automation orients government officials to a generic messaging model that bespeaks incommunicado and frustrates the attainment of effective G2C communication. Additionally, the study established that whereas government officials were endeared to generic communicative incentives of the portals, consumers craved more information and communication from the government through the portals. From the findings, it is indicative that there is an urgent need to re-engineer the portals and institute a communication avenue. There is a need for the avenue to be run by a competent team of communication practitioners that will engage consumers in two-way symmetrical communication if the government is to make use of service portals in an automated post-pandemic world.
Copyright (c) 2023 Daniel Robert Aswani, Sylvia Ndanu Mutua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Public Perceptions towards Online Content Regulation in Kenya
The rise in illegal online content has necessitated most governments to come up with legislation to regulate the cyberspace environment in their respective jurisdictions. Using an exploratory research design and utilizing a 5-point Likert scale survey (N = 530 Kenyan internet users) the study proposed to highlight the gravity of the public perceptions towards online content regulations in a sub-Saharan African country, with an ever-increasing youthful population. By focusing on the policy-specific factors, the study findings indicated a low public perception of the effectiveness of the existing online content regulations in Kenya. The findings further illustrate a perceived low level of trust in the government agencies responsible for the implementation of these regulations. Taken together, these findings translate to mild acceptability of the existing public policy, indicating a policy perception and acceptance gap that needs to be filled.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sylvia Ndanu Mutua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating Factors Influencing Quality Assurance of Building Construction Projects: A PLS-path Modelling Approach
The quality of building construction projects in Kenya has been a challenge throughout recent years. Despite the presence of regulatory agencies, buildings have continued to portray a significant lack of quality with several buildings collapsing in major towns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors influencing quality assurance of building projects as well as to determine the magnitude of the influence. Eight indicators of quality assurance were identified from ISO 9001 elements of quality assurance. Similarly, eleven factors influencing quality assurance with five indicators each were identified from literature. A questionnaire survey of building contractors was carried out to evaluate factors influencing quality assurance of building construction projects. The findings of the survey were analysed using SPSS and SmartPLS to determine which studied factors were most critical. Findings indicated the most critical factors as; contractor related factors, consultant related factors, inspection and supervision related factors, communication related factors, and quality standards and measurements related factors. The least ranked factors were equipment related, and health and safety related factors. All eleven factors were however found to have significant influence on quality assurance of building construction projects. The findings of this study are important in highlighting critical areas in which contractors should channel resources to enhance quality assurance of building projects.
Copyright (c) 2023 Esther Njoki Gacheru, Stephen Diangá, Sylvester Masu, Richard Onchiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Scoping Review of Perinatal Recreational Drug Use: Methods, Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Commonly Used Drugs
Perinatal recreational drug use is a leading cause to poor pregnancy out comes, increased maternal, foetal or neonatal morbidity and mortality. This review paper sought to identify socio-demographic determinants of perinatal drug use, commonly used drugs by perinatal mothers and methods used to assess drug use. We retrieved information from ten data bases namely: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, CDC library, WHO library, Wiley Online library, Springer Link Scientific Reports, Bio Med Central and National Library of Medicine. Inclusion criterion was studies that were designed to document perinatal drug use and studies published in English between January 2012 and February 2023. A total of 27 studies were reviewed distributed as follows: America (6), Europe (4), Australia (1), New Zealand (1), Asia (1), South Africa (3), West Africa (2) and East Africa (10). Out of all the 28 studies, 24 were based on self-reported history, 4 were anchored on blood, hair, urine and meconium toxicology while 3 used both self-reported history plus confirmed drug use approach. Key socio-demographic characteristics that predicted perinatal drug use were low income, unemployment, low level of education, single parenthood, multiple sexual partnerships, having a partner or friend who uses drugs, having experienced intimate partner violence and pre-pregnancy drug use. On the other hand, maternal stress, depression, anxiety, loneliness and history of mental illness influenced drug use in this sub-population. Alcohol was the most commonly used drug globally. Others were Cannabis, tobacco products, methamphetamine, cocaine, amphetamine/khat and heroin. We recommend screening of drug use during the perinatal period using more than one method, routine assessment of mental distress and provision of targeted counseling to perinatal mothers in distress. Further, we recommend enhanced targeted health education on risks associated with drug use during perinatal period and more research on perinatal recreational drug use.
Copyright (c) 2023 Marcellina Ndegwa, Joseph Baya Msanzu, Valentine Budambula https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solid-catalyzed transport limitations assessment in gas-phase conversion of ethanol to hydrogen over Ni-promoted MMT/TiO2 nano clay catalyst
Mass transport constraints were investigated as they relate to the conversion of ethanol to hydrogen in the gas phase over a Nickel-Montmorillonite/Titanium oxide nanoparticle catalyst. Catalyst synthesis was performed via a modified sol-gel/ impregnation method. Ethanol was dehydrated catalytically using a tube-shaped packed bed reactor while catalyst characterization was through FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA, and BET analysis. The Weisz-Prater and Mears' criteria were analyzed theoretically, and the catalyst particle size and reactant flow rate were adjusted experimentally to determine transport limitations. The results demonstrate an absence of gas-phase and intra-particle diffusion limitations for catalyst pellet diameter . This is attributed to the high effectiveness factor for particles obtained theoretically. Besides, the high fractional conversion obtained experimentally is an indication of constant ethanol conversion because there are no limitations on mass transfer. Ni-promoted MMT/TiO2 nanoparticle catalyst offers great promise for use in ethanol steam reforming for selective and cost-effective hydrogen production, as can be deduced from the results presented here.
Copyright (c) 2024 William Mulewa, Titus Tunje Kadere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0